"वैर" इत्यस्य संस्करणे भेदः
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[[वर्गः: यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः-Monier-Williams]]
== Vedic Index of Names and Subjects ==
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<u>'''Vaira'''</u><ref name=fx1_ve2_1213> [[पञ्चविंश ब्राह्मण|Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa]], xvi. 1, 12. ''Cf.'' [[तैत्तिरीय|Taittirīya]] Saṃhitā, i. 5, 2, 1;<br> [[काठक|Kāṭhaka]] Saṃhitā, ix. 2;<br> Kapiṣṭhala Saṃhitā, viii. 5;<br> Maitrāyaṇī, Saṃhitā, i. 7, 5, all of which have ''vīram'' for ''vairam,'' perhaps wrongly.</ref> and '''[[वैर|Vaira]]-deya'''<ref name=fx2_ve2_1213> Rv. v. 61, 8 (on the exact sense of which, ''cf.'' Max Müller, ''Sacred Books of the East,'' 32, 361;<br> Hillebrandt, ''Vedische Mythologie,'' 1, 92;<br> Oldenberg, ''RgvedaNoten,'' 1, 354);<br> [[काठक|Kāṭhaka]] Saṃhitā xxiii. 8;<br> xxviii. 2. 3. 6.</ref> seem to have in the later Saṃhitās and the Brāhmaṇas the definite and technical sense of ‘wergeld,’ the money to be paid for killing a man as a compensation to his relatives. This view is borne out by the Sūtras of Āpastamba<ref name=fx3_ve2_1213> i. 9, 24, 1-4.</ref> and [[बौधायन|Baudhāyana]].<ref name=fx4_ve2_1213> i. 10, 19, 1, 2.</ref> Both prescribe the scale of 1,000 cows for a '''[[क्षत्रिय|Kṣatriya]],'''<ref name=fx5_ve2_1213> The crime of slaying a Brahmin is too heinous for a wergeld. See Āpastamba, i. 9, 24, 7 ''et seq.;<br>'' [[बौधायन|Baudhāyana]], i. 10, 18, 18.</ref> 100 for a '''[[वैश्य|Vaiśya]],''' 10 for a '''[[शूद्र|Śūdra]],''' and a bull over and above in each case. Āpastamba leaves the destination of the payment vague, but [[बौधायन|Baudhāyana]] assigns it to the king. It is reasonable to suppose that the cows were intended for the relations, and the bull was a present to the king for his intervention to induce the injured relatives to abandon the demand for the life of the offender. The Āpastamba [[सूत्र|Sūtra]]<ref name=fx6_ve2_1213> i. 9, 24, 5.</ref> allows the same scale of wergeld for women, but the [[गौतम|Gautama]] [[सूत्र|Sūtra]]<ref name=fx7_ve2_1213> i. 10, 19, 3.</ref> puts them on a level with men of the [[शूद्र|Śūdra]] caste only, except in one special case. The payment is made for the purpose of ''[[वैर|vaira]]-yātana'' or ''[[वैर|vaira]]-niryātana,'' ‘requital of enmity,’ ‘expiation.’<br><br>The Rigveda<ref name=fx8_ve2_1213> ii. 32, 4.</ref> preserves, also, the important notice that a man's wergeld was a hundred (cows), for it contains the epithet ''śata-[[दाय|dāya]],'' ‘one whose wergeld is a hundred.’ No doubt the values varied, but in the case of '''[[शुनःशेप|Śunaḥśepa]]''' the amount is a hundred (cows) in the [[ऐतरेय|Aitareya]] [[ब्राह्मण|Brāhmaṇa]].<ref name=fx9_ve2_1213> vii. 15, 7.</ref> In the [[यजुर्वेद|Yajurveda]] Saṃhitās<ref name=fx10_ve2_1213> See n. 1. The word is not found in the [[तैत्तिरीय|Taittirīya]].</ref> ''śata-[[दाय|dāya]]'' again appears. <br><br>The fixing of the price shows that already public opinion, and perhaps the royal authority, was in Rigvedic times diminishing the sphere of private revenge; on the other hand, the existence of the system shows how weak was the criminal authority of the king (''cf.'' '''[[धर्म|Dharma]]''').<br><br>''Cf.'' Roth, ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft,'' 41, 672676; Bühler and von Schroeder, ''Festgruss an Roth,'' 44-52; Bühler, ''Sacred Books of the East,'' 2, 78, 79; 14, 201 Schrader, ''Prehistoric Antiquities,'' 402 Jolly, ''Recht und Sitte,'' 131, 132; Delbrück in Leist, ''Altarisches Jus Gentium,'' 297.
[[वर्गः: यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः-Vedic Index of Names and Subjects]][[वर्गः:संस्कतशब्दाः]]
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