कलिङ्ग
यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः
सम्पाद्यताम्कल्पद्रुमः
सम्पाद्यताम्
 पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
कलिङ्गम्, क्ली, (कलि + गम् + ड । निपातनात् साधुः ।) इन्द्रयवम् ॥ इत्यमरः । २ । ४ । ६७ ॥
कलिङ्गः, पुं, (कलिं पूतिगन्धादिकं गच्छति प्राप्नोति कलि + गम् + ड । निपातनात् साधुः ।) पूतिक- रजवृक्षः । (के मस्तके लिङ्गं पीतादिचिह्नमस्य ।) धूम्याटपक्षी । देशविशेषः । इति हेमचन्द्रः ॥ (स्वनामख्यातो नृपतिविशेषः । अस्य नामानुसारे- णैव कलिङ्ग इति देशाख्या जाता । यदुक्तं महा भारते । १ । १०४ । ४९, ५० । “अङ्गो वङ्गः कलिङ्गश्च पुण्ड्रः सुह्मश्च ते सुताः । तेषां देशाः समाख्याताः स्वनामप्रथिता भुवि ॥ अङ्गस्याङ्गोऽभवद्देशो वङ्गो वङ्गस्य च स्मृतः । कलिङ्गविषयश्चैव कलिङ्गस्य च स स्मृतः” ॥) मेदिनीमते जलपदार्थे पुं भूम्नि । (यदुक्तं तत्रैव गत्रिके ३३ । “कलिङ्गः पूतिकरजे धूम्याटे भूम्नि नीवृति” ॥ अस्य प्रमाणं यथा, गोःरामायणे । ४ । ४० । २१ । “ततः शकपुलिन्दांश्च कलिङ्गांश्चैव मार्गतः” ॥ तद्देशवासिमानवादयः । यथा, महाभारते । ३ । ११४ । ३ । “ततः समुद्रतीरेण जगाम वसुधाधिपः । भ्रातृभिः सहितो वीरः कलिङ्गान् प्रति भारत” ॥) कुटजवृक्षः । (अस्यपर्य्यायो यथा भावप्रकाशे पूर्ब्बखण्डे १ भागे । “उक्तं कुटजवीजन्तु यवमिन्द्रयवन्तथा । कलिङ्गञ्चापिकालिङ्गं तथा भद्रयवा अपि” ॥ इन्द्रयवशब्देऽस्य गुणावली ज्ञेया ॥ व्यवहारो यत्र तद्यथा । “विल्वं छागपयः सिद्धं सितामोचरसान्वितम् । कलिङ्गचूर्णसंयुक्तं रक्तातीसारनाशनम्” ॥ इति वैद्यकचक्रपाणिसंग्रहेऽतीसाराधिकारे ॥) शिरीषवृक्षः । प्लक्षवृक्षः । इति राजनिर्घण्टः ॥
अमरकोशः
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
कलिङ्ग नपुं।
कुटजबीजम्
समानार्थक:कलिङ्ग,इन्द्रयव,भद्रयव
2।4।67।1।1
एतस्यैव कलिङ्गेन्द्रयवभद्रयवं फले। कृष्णपाकफलाविग्नसुषेणाः करमर्दके॥
पदार्थ-विभागः : अवयवः
कलिङ्ग पुं।
भृङ्गः
समानार्थक:कलिङ्ग,भृङ्ग,धूम्याट
2।5।16।2।1
लोहपृष्ठस्तु कङ्कः स्यादथ चाषः किकीदिविः। कलिङ्गभृङ्गधूम्याटा अथ स्याच्छतपत्रकः॥
पदार्थ-विभागः : , द्रव्यम्, पृथ्वी, चलसजीवः, मनुष्येतरः, जन्तुः, पक्षी
वाचस्पत्यम्
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
कलिङ्ग¦ पुंस्त्री के मूर्द्ध्नि लिङ्गमस्य।
१ धूम्याटे पक्षिणि(फिङ्गे) अमरः तस्य मस्तके पीतचिह्नवत्त्वात्तथात्वम्। स्त्रियां जातित्वेऽपि संयोगोपधत्वात् टाप्। कलिंगच्छति बा॰ खच् डित् मुम् च।
१ पूतिकरञ्जे(कां टाकरमचा) हेमच॰
२ कुटजे (कुडची) तस्यफलम् अण् तस्य लुप्।
३ इन्द्रयवे न॰।
४ शिरीष-वृक्षे
५ प्लक्षवृक्षे च मेदि॰।
“जगन्नाथात् समारभ्य कृष्णा-तीरान्तगं प्रिये! कलिङ्गदेशः संप्रोक्तो वाममार्गपरायणः” इति तन्त्रोक्ते
६ देशभेदे ब॰ व॰ मेदि॰
“उत्कलादर्शितपथःकलिङ्गाभिमुखं ययौ” रघुः। स च देशः वृहत्स॰ कूर्मविभागे[Page1810-a+ 38] आग्नेय्यामुकः यथा
“आग्नेय्यां दिशि कोशलकलिङ्गवङ्गो-पवङ्गजठराङ्गाः”। तेषां राजा, ते अभिजनोऽस्य वा अण्। कालिङ्ग तद्देशनृपे तद्देशवासिजने च
“कालिङ्गः प्रतिज-ग्राह तमस्त्रैर्गजसाधनः” रघुः बहुषु अणो लुक्। कलिङ्गाः।
“स सागरं समासाद्य गङ्गायाः सङ्गमे नृपः। नदी-शतानां पञ्चानां मध्ये चक्रे समाप्लवम्। ततः समु-द्रतीरेण जगाम वसुधाधिपः। भ्रातृभिः सहितो वीरःकलिङ्गान् प्रति भारत! लोमश उवाच। एते कलिङ्गाःकौन्तेय! यत्र वैतरणी नदी। यत्रायजत धर्मोऽपि देवा-ञ्छरणमेत्य वै। ऋषिभिः समुपायुक्तं यज्ञियं गिरिशोभि-तम्। उत्तरं तीरमेतद्धि सततं द्विजसेवितम्। समानंदेवयानेन पथा स्वर्गमुपेयुषः”।
“त्रिशतं वै सहस्राणांयोजनानां युधिष्ठिर!। यत्र ध्वनिं शृणोष्येवं तूष्णीमास्वविशाम्पते!। एतत् स्वयम्भुवो राजन्! वनं दिव्यं प्रकाशते”
“यत्र प्रकाशते राजन्! वेदी सस्थानलक्षणा। आरुह्यात्रमहाराज! वीर्य्यवान् वै भविष्यसि। सैषा सागरमासाद्यराजन्! वेदी समाश्रिता। एतामारुह्य भद्रं ते, त्वमेक-स्तर सागरम्। अहं च ते स्वस्त्ययनं प्रयोक्ष्ये यथा त्वमेतामधिरोहसेऽद्य। स्पृष्टाहि मर्त्येन ततः समुद्रमेषा वेदीप्रविशत्याजमीढ! भा॰ व॰
११
४ अ॰। इति तद्देशस्थनद्या-दिविवृतिरुक्ता।
“स प्रतापं महेन्द्रस्य मूर्द्ध्नि तीक्ष्णं न्यवे-शयत्” रघौ कलिङ्गदेशस्थः पर्वतः महेन्द्र इति वर्णितम्।
७ उशीनरभ्रातृतितिक्षुवंश्यबलिनृपपुत्रभेदे।
“महामनास्तुद्वौ पुत्रौ जनयामास भारत!। उशीनरं च धर्मज्ञंतितिक्षुञ्च महाबलम्” इत्युपक्रम्य। तितिक्षोस्तु प्रजाःशृणु” इति प्रतिज्ञाय।
“तैतिक्षवोऽभवद्राजा पूर्व स्यां दिशिभारत!।
“उशद्रथो महाराज! फेनस्तस्य सुतोऽ-भवत्। फेनात्तु सुतपा जज्ञे सुतः सुतपसो बलिः। जातो मनुष्ययोनौ तु स राजा काञ्चनेषुधिः। महायोगीस तु बलिर्बभूव नृपतिः पुरा। पुत्रानुत्पादयामासपञ्च वंशकरान् भुवि। अङ्गः प्रथमतौ जज्ञे वङ्गः सुह्म-स्तथैव च। पुण्ड्रः कलिङ्गश्च तथा वालेयं क्षत्रमुच्यते” इत्युक्त्वा
“तेषां जनपदाः पञ्च अङ्गा वङ्गाः ससुह्मकाःकलिङ्गाः पुण्ड्रकाश्चैव प्रजास्त्वङ्गस्य वै शृणु” हरिवं॰
३१ अ॰ उक्तम्। तेन कलिङ्गनृपाधिष्ठितत्वात् देशस्यतथात्वम्। काय सुखाय लिङ्गमस्याः।
८ योषितिस्त्री हेम॰। त्रिवृति
९ (तेओडि) स्त्री शब्दच॰।
शब्दसागरः
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
कलिङ्ग¦ m. (-ङ्गः)
1. The febrifuge nut-plant, (Cæsalpinia bunduccella.)
2. The fork-tailed shrike, (Lanius forficatus, Lath.)
3. The name of a country; the name of Kalinga is applied in the Puranas to several places, but it especially signifies a district on the Coro- mandel coast, extending from below cuttack to the vicinity of Madras, (in this sense, like some other names of countries, it is usually confined to the plural number (-ङ्गाः) confounding the place with the people inhabiting it. nf. (-ङ्गं-ङ्गा) A medicinal seed, that of Echites antidysenterica. f. (-ङ्गा)
1. A woman of a good shape.
2. A plant, commonly Teori, (Convolvulus turpethum:) see त्रिवृत्। E. कलि strife, &c. ग from गम् to go, खच् aff.
Apte
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
कलिङ्ग [kaliṅga], a.
Clever.
Cunning. -गाः (pl.) N. of a country and its inhabitants; (a district on the Coromandel coast); नो खण्डिकाञ्जगाम नो कलिङ्गाञ्जगाम Mbh. on P.III.2.115. उत्कलादर्शितपथः कलिङ्गाभिमुखो ययौ R.4. 38; (its position is thus described in Tantras: जगन्नाथात्समारभ्य कृष्णातीरान्तगः प्रिये । कलिङ्गदेशः संप्रोक्तो वाम- मार्गपरायणः ॥).
ङ्गः The fork-tailed shrike.
N. of several plants; (as शिरीष, प्लक्ष &c.) -ङ्गा A beautiful woman. -ङ्गम् Indra grain (इन्द्रयव).
Monier-Williams
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
कलिङ्ग m. pl. N. of a people and their country (the N. is applied in the पुराणs to several places , but especially signifies a district on the Coromandel coast , extending from below Cuttack [ कटक] to the vicinity of Madras) MBh. Hariv. VP. etc.
कलिङ्ग m. an inhabitant of कलिङ्गSa1h.
कलिङ्ग m. N. of a king of कलिङ्ग(from whom the कलिङ्गpeople are said to have originated ; he is sometimes mentioned as a son of दीर्घतमस्and सुदेष्णा, sometimes identified with बलि) MBh. Hariv. etc.
कलिङ्ग m. N. of a being attending on स्कन्दMBh. ( ed. Bomb.) ix , 45 , 64( v.l. कलिन्दed. Calc.)
कलिङ्ग m. N. of several authors
कलिङ्ग m. the fork-tailed shrike L.
कलिङ्ग m. Caesalpina Bonducella L.
कलिङ्ग m. Wrightia antidysenteria L.
कलिङ्ग m. Acacia Sirissa L.
कलिङ्ग m. Ficus infectoria L.
कलिङ्ग m. Opomea Turpethum
कलिङ्ग n. the seed of Wrightia antidysenteria Sus3r.
कलिङ्ग mfn. clever , cunning L.
Purana index
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
(I)--a क्षेत्रज son of Bali; after him came कलिङ्गस् (s.v.); फलकम्:F1: Br. III. ७४. २८ & ८७; M. ४८. २५; वा. ९९. २८; Vi. IV. १८. १३-14.फलकम्:/F a राक्षस in the Atalam. (Tatvalam- ब्र्। प्।). फलकम्:F2: वा. ५०. १७; Br. II. १९. १८.फलकम्:/F
(II)--(Mt.) a hill on the south of the मानस. वा. ३६. २२; ४२. २८.
(III)--a southern kingdom of मध्यदेश unfit for श्राद्ध; a Janapada of the दक्षिणापथ. Its king was stationed by जरासन्ध on the east gate of मथुरा, and on the same direction during the siege of Gomanta; फलकम्:F1: Br. II. १६. ४२ & ५७; III. १३. १३; १४. ३३ & ८०; ७४. १९८ & २१३; M. १६३. ७२; वा. ७७. १३; ७८. २३; ९९. ३२४, ३८६, ४०२.फलकम्:/F present at [page१-333+ ४६] Pradyumna's marriage. Advised Rukmin to vanquish बलराम in dice, and laughed at the latter when he was defeated. His teeth were broken by राम. फलकम्:F2: भा. X. ५०. ११[2]; ५२. ११[5]; ६१. २७-29; ३२[1] & ३७; IV. 5. २१; Vi. V. २८. १०, १५, २४.फलकम्:/F Its ३२ kings. फलकम्:F3: M. २७२. १६.फलकम्:/F On its south flows the नर्मदा where the hill अमरकण्- टक is. फलकम्:F4: M. १८६. १२.फलकम्:/F In the कृतयुग, the first man appeared in this country फलकम्:F5: वा. ५८. ११०.फलकम्:/F under Guhas. फलकम्:F6: Vi. III. 7. ३६.फलकम्:/F
Purana Encyclopedia
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
Kaliṅga^1 : m. (pl.): Name of a country and its people; Kaliṅga often mentioned along with Aṅga and Vaṅga; the people of Kaliṅga also referred to as Kāliṅga 6. 50. 19, 77, 82, 108; 6. 67. 13; 8. 17. 20; 16. 7. 10, or as Kaliṅgaka (8. 30. 75); the country is also referred to as Kaliṅgarāṣṭra (1. 207. 10), or as Kaliṅgaviṣaya 12. 4. 2), or as Sarvakaliṅga (6. 17. 32).
A. Location: Listed by Saṁjaya among the northern Janapadas (also called Deśas 6. 10. 68) of the Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhvaṁ janapadān nibodha gadato mama) 6. 10. 37, 5; (aṅgā vaṅgāḥ kaliṅgāś ca) 6. 10. 44; towards the east (prācīṁ diśam abhiprepsur jagāma) 1. 207. 5; on the eastern coast, where Vaitaraṇī river flew (tataḥ samudratīreṇa jagāma…kaliṅgān prati); (ete kaliṅgāḥ kaunteya yatra vaitaraṇī nadī) 3. 114. 3-4; a little to the south, as Aṅgas are mentioned among the countries which Sahadeva subjugated in the south (prayayau dakṣiṇāṁ diśam) 2. 28. 1; (dakṣiṇābhimukho yayau) 2. 28. 8; (prāyād…dakṣiṇāṁ diśam) 2. 28. 37.
B. King and princess of the country: The king Śrutāyus of Kaliṅgas is referred to as kaliṅgarāja 6. 50. 112, kaliṅgānāṁ janādhipaḥ 6. 50. 7, 23, or simply Kaliṅga (sg.) 6. 49. 37; 6. 50. 1-2, 26, 28, 62-63, 65, 67-69; 7. 6. 2 (different from Śrutāyus); princess Karaṇḍu referred to as Kāliṅgī 1. 90. 21; another Kaliṅga princess (not named) wife of Taṁsu also referred to as Kāliṅgī 1. 90. 28.
C. Description:
(1) The Kaliṅga warriors were Kṣatriyas 6. 50. 71; energetic (tarasvin) 6. 50. 60; their army made use of large weapons (pragṛhītamahāyudha) 6. 50. 4, and it was difficult to go beyond it (senām…kaliṅgānāṁ duratyayām) 7. 116. 11;
(2) The people of Kaliṅga country knew what was eternal dharma (kaliṅgā…//…dharmaṁ jānanti śāśvatam) 8. 30. 60-61; the elders among them lived according to the dharma taught to them (kaliṅgakāś…śiṣṭān dharmān upajīvanti vṛddhāḥ) 8. 30. 75.
D. Epic Events: [For citations common to Aṅga and Kaliṅga, see Aṅga] (1) Arjuna, during the term of his exile visited all holy places in Aṅga, Vaṅga and Kaliṅga 1. 207. 9; Brāhmaṇas, who followed him up to the gate of the Kaliṅga country, permitted him to go further and returned; Arjuna then went beyond the Kaliṅga country (kaliṅgarāṣṭradvāreṣu brāhmaṇāḥ…upāvartanta); (sa kaliṅgān atikramya… yayau) 1. 207. 10, 12;
(2) Sahadeva, in his expedition to the south, subjugated the Kaliṅgas merely by sending envoys and made them pay tribute (kaliṅgān…dūtaīr eva vaśe cakre karaṁ cainān adāpayat) 2. 28. 48-49; the event is referred to while mentioning the exploits of Sahadeva where he is said to have conquered the Kaliṅgas at Dantakūra (sahadevaḥ kaliṅgān samāgatān ajayad dantakūre) 5. 23. 23 (Nī., however, on 5. 23. 24: dantakūraḥ saṅgrāmaḥ); the event is also referred to by Saṁjaya while listing the heroes on the side of the Pāṇḍavas (yaḥ…kaliṅgāṁś ca yudhājayat) 5. 49. 28 (in 2. 28. 48 Sahadeva is said to have won them without a battle);
(3) The kings of Vaṅgas and Kaliṅgas brought fine cloth, silk, cotton cloth and covers as tribute for the Rājasūya of Yudhiṣṭhira; they were asked to give more to get entrance; each one of them then gave one thousand elephants who were lotus-coloured, mountain-high, always in rut, and had pole-long trunks, and were cloth decked, gold-gilded and armoured, patient and of good breed; they were from near the Kāmyaka lake (vaṅgāḥ kaliṅgapatayas…/dukūlaṁ kauśikaṁ caiva patrorṇaṁ prāvarān api//…kṛtakārāḥ(?) subalayas tato dvāram avāpsyatha//īṣādantān hemakakṣān padmavarṇān kuthāvṛtān/śailābhān nityamattāṁś ca abhitaḥ kāmyakaṁ saraḥ//dattvaikaiko daśaśatān kuñjarān kavacāvṛtān/kṣamāvataḥ kulīnāṁś ca dvāreṇa prāviśaṁs tataḥ//) 2. 48. 17-20 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 2. 52. 20: īṣādantān lāṅgalatulyadantān; hemakakṣāḥ suvarṇavastrāḥ);
(4) Yudhiṣṭhira, in his pilgrimage with Lomaśa, went to the Kaliṅgas from the place where Gaṅgā meets the ocean; he went along the coast; Lomaśa pointed out the country to him (sa sāgaraṁ samāsādya gaṅgāyāḥ saṁgame nṛpa/…tataḥ samudratīreṇa jagāma…kaliṅgān prati); (ete kaliṅgāḥ kaunteya) 3. 114. 2-4;
(5) Drupada suggested to the Pāṇḍavas to send a messenger to the ruling prince of the Kaliṅgas, known for his arrogance in battle, to seek his help for war (kumāraś ca kaliṅgānām īśvaro yuddhadurmadaḥ) 5. 4. 25;
(6) Kṛṣṇa crushed the Kaliṅgas at Dantakūra (tathā kaliṅgān dantakūre mamarda) 5. 47. 70;
(7) Śikhaṇḍin had attacked the Kaliṅgas (yaḥ kaliṅgān samāpede pāñcālo yuddhadurmadaḥ) 5. 49. 33;
(8) The king of Kalingas, with his son Ketumant, joined the side of the Kauravas with sixty thousand chariot-fighters and an ayuta of elephant warriors (ṣaṣṭyā rathasahasrais tu nāgānām ayutena ca/patiḥ sarvakaliṅgānāṁ yayau ketumatā saha) 6. 17. 32;
(9) On the second day of the war, the Kaliṅga king and his army attacked Bhīma and an extremely fierce battle took place between them (kaliṅgaṁ samacodayat/…tataḥ sā mahatī senā kaliṅgānāṁ…bhīmam abhyudyayau tūrṇaṁ…//tataḥ pravavṛte yuddhaṁ tumulaṁ lomaharṣaṇam/kaliṅgānāṁ ca samare bhīmasya ca…/jagataḥ prakṣayakaraṁ ghorarūpaṁ bhayānakam//) 6. 49. 37-38, 40; 6. 50. 1-3; Bhīma met the sudden advance of the large force of the Kaliṅgas which was full of chariots, elephants and horses and fighting with large weapons (tām āpatantīm sahasā kaliṅgānāṁ mahācamūm/rathanāgāśvakalilāṁ pragṛhītamahāyudhām/) 6. 50. 4-5; (rathair anekasāhasraiḥ kaliṅgānāṁ janādhipaḥ) 6. 50. 7; the battle was fierce 6. 50. 9-14; the large army of the Kaliṅgas and the Niṣādas was engaged with the small one of the Cedis (alpānāṁ bahubhiḥ saha/kaliṅgaiḥ saha cedīnāṁ niṣādaīś ca) 6. 50. 14; when the Cedis retired, Bhīma did not leave the battle but showered arrows on the Kaliṅga army (sarvaiḥ kaliṅgair āsannaḥ saṁnivṛtteṣu cediṣu/…na nyavartata pāṇḍavaḥ …śitair avākiran bāṇaiḥ kaliṅgānāṁ varūthinīm//…yodhayām āsa kāliṅgān) 6. 50. 16-17, 19; the king of the Kaliṅgas obstructed Bhīma on all sides with his many thousands of chariots (kaliṅgānāṁ janādhipaḥ/rathair anekasāhasrair bhīmasyāvārayad diśaḥ) 6. 50. 23; Bhīma frightened the army of the Kaliṅgas by loud roars; the army thought him to be superhuman (tena śabdena vitrastā kaliṅgānāṁ varūthinī na bhīmaṁ samare mene mānuṣam) 6. 50. 33, 27; the fierce battle in which the king of the Kaliṅgas died described in 6. 50. 39-59; the Kaliṅga army, then led by Śrutāyus, attacked Bhīma (sā bahulā senā kaliṅgānām tarasvinām/… bhīmasenam upādravat); (kaliṅgasainyānāṁ pramukhe…śrutāyuṣam abhiprekṣya) 6. 50. 60-61; they used śakti, gadā, tomara, ṛṣṭi and paraśvadha against Bhīma 6. 50. 71-72; Bhīma killed with his gadā first seven hundred of them (saptaśatān vīrān 6. 50. 73) and then two thousand of them (dvisāhasrān kaliṅgān…/prāhiṇon mṛtyulokāya) 6. 50. 73-75; while fighting with Bhīma, the Kaliṅga army was confused and it trembled (mohaś cāpi kaliṅgānām āviveśa …prākampata ca sainyāni) 6. 50. 77-78, 80; they fled, but returned again in groups (punar āvartamāneṣu vidravatsu ca saṁghaśaḥ) 6. 50. 81; Dhṛṣṭadyumna ordered his army to fight with the Kaliṅga warriors (sarvakāliṅgayodheṣu…yudhyadhvam) 6. 50. 82; Dhṛṣṭadyumna went to help Bhīma who was attacked by the Kaliṅgas, (kaliṅgeṣu carantam…kaliṅgaiḥ samabhidrutam) 6. 50. 87, 90; Sātyaki saw both of them fighting with the Kaliṅgas; he himself killed some of the adversaries (kaliṅgān samare vīrau yodhayantau…jaghāna samare parān) 6. 50. 91, 93; Bhīma caused a river of blood rising from the fallen Kaliṅgas to flow between the army of the Kaliṅgas and of the Pāṇḍavas; it appeared as if it was Kāla fighting with the Kaliṅgas (kaliṅgaprabhavāṁ…rudhirasyandinīm tatra bhīmaḥ prāvartayan nadīm/antareṇa kaliṅgānāṁ pāṇḍavānāṁ ca vāhinīṁ… prākrośaṁs tāvakā…/kālo 'yaṁ bhīmarūpeṇa kaliṅgaiḥ saha yudhyate//) 6. 50. 94-96; Bhīma succeeded in killing all the Kaliṅga warriors (sa hatvā sarvakāliṅgān) 6. 50. 108; (kāliṅgāś ca mṛdhe hatāḥ) 6. 50. 112; Sātyaki congratulated Bhīma for pounding single-handed the mahāvyūha of Kaliṅgas (mahāvyūhaḥ kaliṅgānām ekena mṛditas tvayā) 6. 50. 113;
(10) On the eleventh day of the war, Kaliṅga king stood (with his army) on the right side of Droṇa's Śakaṭavyūha (kaliṅgaś ca…dakṣiṇam pārśvam āsthāya 7. 6. 2; asmākaṁ śakaṭavyūhaḥ 7. 6. 15);
(11) On the twelfth day of war, the Kaliṅgas were placed at the ‘neck’ and the ‘back’ of the Suparṇavyūha (7. 19. 4) of Droṇa (kaliṅgāḥ…grīvāyām 7. 19. 7-8; pṛṣṭhe kaliṅgāḥ 7. 19. 11);
(12) On the fourteenth day of the war, Sātyaki while moving forward towards Arjuna, had to fight with the Kaliṅgas; he broke their resistance, went beyond their irresistible army, and reached Arjuna (tataḥ kaliṅgair yuyudhe …tāṁ ca senām atikramya kaliṅgānām duratyayām) 7. 116. 10-11;
(13) During the night war on the fourteenth day, the brave Kaliṅga prince, with the Kaliṅga army, attacked Bhīma; he was killed by Bhīma with his fist (kaliṅgānāṁ ca sainyena kaliṅgasya suto raṇe 7. 130. 18; kaliṅgānām tu taṁ śūraṁ…muṣṭinābhijaghāna ha 7. 130. 20);
(14) Kaliṅgas mentioned among those who ran away from the battle-field after the fall of Droṇa (kaliṅgāraṭṭabāhlikaiḥ) 7. 165. 79;
(15) Karṇa in his earlier exploits had won the Kaliṅgas and made them pay tribute (kaliṅgān…yo jitvā samare vīraś cakre balibhṛtaḥ purā) 8. 5. 20;
(16) On the sixteenth day of the war, Kaliṅgas rushed towards Arjuna to kill him (kaliṅgaº… jighāṁsavaḥ pāṇḍavam abhyadhāvan) 8. 12. 59;
(17) On the same day, many warriors from different countries like Aṅga, Vaṅga etc., skilled in elephant warfare, along with the Kaliṅgas showered Dhṛṣṭadyumna with arrows, tomaras and nārācas (aṅgā…gajayuddheṣu kuśalāḥ kaliṅgaiḥ saha…/śaratomaranārācair…siṣicus te… pāñcālācalam āhave) 8. 17. 2-4; they later showered Nakula with arrows and tomaras to kill him (mekalotkalokāliṅgā…śaratomaravarṣāṇi vimuñcanto jighāṁsavaḥ) 8. 17. 20;
(18) A voice in the mid-region, a week after Arjuna's birth, predicted that he was destined to win the Kaliṅgas (ayaṁ jetā madrakalīṅgakekayān) 8. 48. 7;
(19) Arjuna told Yudhiṣṭhira that only Bhīma, who killed Kaliṅga warriors and their elephants, could find fault with him (Arjuna) (kaliṅgaº…sadāmadān…/ nihanti) 8. 49. 79;
(20) Kaliṅgas mentioned among those who fell on the battlefield during the first seventeen days of the war (kaliṅgasahitā hatāḥ) 8. 4. 37;
(21) Before the gadāyuddha, Kṛṣṇa reminded Bhīma that earlier Kaliṅgas and others were killed by him (kaliṅgāḥ…tvām āsādya mahāyuddhe nihatāḥ) 9. 32. 22;
(22) While recalling Kṛṣṇa's earlier exploits, Vasudeva mentioned Kṛṣṇa's killing the Kaliṅgas (cakre kāiiṅgamāgadhān (videhān)) 16. 7. 10; Kṛṣṇa's victory over Kaliṅgas also mentioned by Dhṛtarāṣṭra (kaliṅgāṁś ca …ajayad raṇe) 7. 10. 15.
E. Some other events:
(1) Once, kings had assembled for the svayaṁvara of the Kaliṅga princess in the Kaliṅga country of Citrāṅgada (this was attended by Duryodhana) (tataḥ kadācid rājānaḥ samājagmuḥ svayaṁvare/kaliṅgaviṣaye…rājñaś citrāṅgadasya ha//) 12. 4. 2;
(2) Vārdhakṣemi fought and carried away the Kaliṅga girl (vārdhakṣemiḥ kaliṅgānāṁ yaḥ kanyām āharad yudhi) 7. 9. 51. [Perhaps this and the following two Kaliṅgas are meant by Trikaliṅga]
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Kaliṅga^2 : m. (pl.): Name of a Janapada.
Location: Listed by Saṁjaya among the northern Janapadas (also called Deśas deśāḥ saṁkīrtitāḥ 6. 10. 68) of the Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhvaṁ janapadān nibodha gadato mama) 6. 10. 37, 5; (śūrasenāḥ kaliṅgāś ca) 6. 10. 38; these seem to be the Kaliṅgas of the mid-region and are to be distinguished from Kaliṅga^1 and Kaliṅga^3. [See Kaliṅga^1, ^3 ]
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Kaliṅga^3 : m. (pl.): Name of a people.
A. Location: They probably lived in the north-west since they are listed by Saṁjaya along with Kāśmīras, Tukhāras and the Kirāta tribes (kāśmīrāḥ…tukhāraś ca …//…kaliṅgāś ca kirātānāṁ ca jātayaḥ//) 6. 10. 67.
B. Characterization:
(1) They were probably reckoned by Saṁjaya as mlecchas (uttarāś cāpare mlecchāḥ) 6. 10. 63;
(2) Bhīṣma counted Kaliṅgas among those who became degraded since they did not respect Brāhmaṇas (kaliṅgāś ca…/… vṛṣalatvaṁ parigatā brāhmaṇānāṁ adarśanāt) 13. 30. 20-21;
(3) A certain Brāhmaṇa told the Kuru assembly that Kaliṅga people were to be avoided as they followed wrong dharma (kaliṅgān…durdharmāṁś ca vivarjayet) 8. 30. 45. [See Kaliṅga^1, ^2 ]
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Mahabharata Cultural Index
सम्पाद्यताम्|
पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्। |
Kaliṅga^1 : m. (pl.): Name of a country and its people; Kaliṅga often mentioned along with Aṅga and Vaṅga; the people of Kaliṅga also referred to as Kāliṅga 6. 50. 19, 77, 82, 108; 6. 67. 13; 8. 17. 20; 16. 7. 10, or as Kaliṅgaka (8. 30. 75); the country is also referred to as Kaliṅgarāṣṭra (1. 207. 10), or as Kaliṅgaviṣaya 12. 4. 2), or as Sarvakaliṅga (6. 17. 32).
A. Location: Listed by Saṁjaya among the northern Janapadas (also called Deśas 6. 10. 68) of the Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhvaṁ janapadān nibodha gadato mama) 6. 10. 37, 5; (aṅgā vaṅgāḥ kaliṅgāś ca) 6. 10. 44; towards the east (prācīṁ diśam abhiprepsur jagāma) 1. 207. 5; on the eastern coast, where Vaitaraṇī river flew (tataḥ samudratīreṇa jagāma…kaliṅgān prati); (ete kaliṅgāḥ kaunteya yatra vaitaraṇī nadī) 3. 114. 3-4; a little to the south, as Aṅgas are mentioned among the countries which Sahadeva subjugated in the south (prayayau dakṣiṇāṁ diśam) 2. 28. 1; (dakṣiṇābhimukho yayau) 2. 28. 8; (prāyād…dakṣiṇāṁ diśam) 2. 28. 37.
B. King and princess of the country: The king Śrutāyus of Kaliṅgas is referred to as kaliṅgarāja 6. 50. 112, kaliṅgānāṁ janādhipaḥ 6. 50. 7, 23, or simply Kaliṅga (sg.) 6. 49. 37; 6. 50. 1-2, 26, 28, 62-63, 65, 67-69; 7. 6. 2 (different from Śrutāyus); princess Karaṇḍu referred to as Kāliṅgī 1. 90. 21; another Kaliṅga princess (not named) wife of Taṁsu also referred to as Kāliṅgī 1. 90. 28.
C. Description:
(1) The Kaliṅga warriors were Kṣatriyas 6. 50. 71; energetic (tarasvin) 6. 50. 60; their army made use of large weapons (pragṛhītamahāyudha) 6. 50. 4, and it was difficult to go beyond it (senām…kaliṅgānāṁ duratyayām) 7. 116. 11;
(2) The people of Kaliṅga country knew what was eternal dharma (kaliṅgā…//…dharmaṁ jānanti śāśvatam) 8. 30. 60-61; the elders among them lived according to the dharma taught to them (kaliṅgakāś…śiṣṭān dharmān upajīvanti vṛddhāḥ) 8. 30. 75.
D. Epic Events: [For citations common to Aṅga and Kaliṅga, see Aṅga] (1) Arjuna, during the term of his exile visited all holy places in Aṅga, Vaṅga and Kaliṅga 1. 207. 9; Brāhmaṇas, who followed him up to the gate of the Kaliṅga country, permitted him to go further and returned; Arjuna then went beyond the Kaliṅga country (kaliṅgarāṣṭradvāreṣu brāhmaṇāḥ…upāvartanta); (sa kaliṅgān atikramya… yayau) 1. 207. 10, 12;
(2) Sahadeva, in his expedition to the south, subjugated the Kaliṅgas merely by sending envoys and made them pay tribute (kaliṅgān…dūtaīr eva vaśe cakre karaṁ cainān adāpayat) 2. 28. 48-49; the event is referred to while mentioning the exploits of Sahadeva where he is said to have conquered the Kaliṅgas at Dantakūra (sahadevaḥ kaliṅgān samāgatān ajayad dantakūre) 5. 23. 23 (Nī., however, on 5. 23. 24: dantakūraḥ saṅgrāmaḥ); the event is also referred to by Saṁjaya while listing the heroes on the side of the Pāṇḍavas (yaḥ…kaliṅgāṁś ca yudhājayat) 5. 49. 28 (in 2. 28. 48 Sahadeva is said to have won them without a battle);
(3) The kings of Vaṅgas and Kaliṅgas brought fine cloth, silk, cotton cloth and covers as tribute for the Rājasūya of Yudhiṣṭhira; they were asked to give more to get entrance; each one of them then gave one thousand elephants who were lotus-coloured, mountain-high, always in rut, and had pole-long trunks, and were cloth decked, gold-gilded and armoured, patient and of good breed; they were from near the Kāmyaka lake (vaṅgāḥ kaliṅgapatayas…/dukūlaṁ kauśikaṁ caiva patrorṇaṁ prāvarān api//…kṛtakārāḥ(?) subalayas tato dvāram avāpsyatha//īṣādantān hemakakṣān padmavarṇān kuthāvṛtān/śailābhān nityamattāṁś ca abhitaḥ kāmyakaṁ saraḥ//dattvaikaiko daśaśatān kuñjarān kavacāvṛtān/kṣamāvataḥ kulīnāṁś ca dvāreṇa prāviśaṁs tataḥ//) 2. 48. 17-20 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 2. 52. 20: īṣādantān lāṅgalatulyadantān; hemakakṣāḥ suvarṇavastrāḥ);
(4) Yudhiṣṭhira, in his pilgrimage with Lomaśa, went to the Kaliṅgas from the place where Gaṅgā meets the ocean; he went along the coast; Lomaśa pointed out the country to him (sa sāgaraṁ samāsādya gaṅgāyāḥ saṁgame nṛpa/…tataḥ samudratīreṇa jagāma…kaliṅgān prati); (ete kaliṅgāḥ kaunteya) 3. 114. 2-4;
(5) Drupada suggested to the Pāṇḍavas to send a messenger to the ruling prince of the Kaliṅgas, known for his arrogance in battle, to seek his help for war (kumāraś ca kaliṅgānām īśvaro yuddhadurmadaḥ) 5. 4. 25;
(6) Kṛṣṇa crushed the Kaliṅgas at Dantakūra (tathā kaliṅgān dantakūre mamarda) 5. 47. 70;
(7) Śikhaṇḍin had attacked the Kaliṅgas (yaḥ kaliṅgān samāpede pāñcālo yuddhadurmadaḥ) 5. 49. 33;
(8) The king of Kalingas, with his son Ketumant, joined the side of the Kauravas with sixty thousand chariot-fighters and an ayuta of elephant warriors (ṣaṣṭyā rathasahasrais tu nāgānām ayutena ca/patiḥ sarvakaliṅgānāṁ yayau ketumatā saha) 6. 17. 32;
(9) On the second day of the war, the Kaliṅga king and his army attacked Bhīma and an extremely fierce battle took place between them (kaliṅgaṁ samacodayat/…tataḥ sā mahatī senā kaliṅgānāṁ…bhīmam abhyudyayau tūrṇaṁ…//tataḥ pravavṛte yuddhaṁ tumulaṁ lomaharṣaṇam/kaliṅgānāṁ ca samare bhīmasya ca…/jagataḥ prakṣayakaraṁ ghorarūpaṁ bhayānakam//) 6. 49. 37-38, 40; 6. 50. 1-3; Bhīma met the sudden advance of the large force of the Kaliṅgas which was full of chariots, elephants and horses and fighting with large weapons (tām āpatantīm sahasā kaliṅgānāṁ mahācamūm/rathanāgāśvakalilāṁ pragṛhītamahāyudhām/) 6. 50. 4-5; (rathair anekasāhasraiḥ kaliṅgānāṁ janādhipaḥ) 6. 50. 7; the battle was fierce 6. 50. 9-14; the large army of the Kaliṅgas and the Niṣādas was engaged with the small one of the Cedis (alpānāṁ bahubhiḥ saha/kaliṅgaiḥ saha cedīnāṁ niṣādaīś ca) 6. 50. 14; when the Cedis retired, Bhīma did not leave the battle but showered arrows on the Kaliṅga army (sarvaiḥ kaliṅgair āsannaḥ saṁnivṛtteṣu cediṣu/…na nyavartata pāṇḍavaḥ …śitair avākiran bāṇaiḥ kaliṅgānāṁ varūthinīm//…yodhayām āsa kāliṅgān) 6. 50. 16-17, 19; the king of the Kaliṅgas obstructed Bhīma on all sides with his many thousands of chariots (kaliṅgānāṁ janādhipaḥ/rathair anekasāhasrair bhīmasyāvārayad diśaḥ) 6. 50. 23; Bhīma frightened the army of the Kaliṅgas by loud roars; the army thought him to be superhuman (tena śabdena vitrastā kaliṅgānāṁ varūthinī na bhīmaṁ samare mene mānuṣam) 6. 50. 33, 27; the fierce battle in which the king of the Kaliṅgas died described in 6. 50. 39-59; the Kaliṅga army, then led by Śrutāyus, attacked Bhīma (sā bahulā senā kaliṅgānām tarasvinām/… bhīmasenam upādravat); (kaliṅgasainyānāṁ pramukhe…śrutāyuṣam abhiprekṣya) 6. 50. 60-61; they used śakti, gadā, tomara, ṛṣṭi and paraśvadha against Bhīma 6. 50. 71-72; Bhīma killed with his gadā first seven hundred of them (saptaśatān vīrān 6. 50. 73) and then two thousand of them (dvisāhasrān kaliṅgān…/prāhiṇon mṛtyulokāya) 6. 50. 73-75; while fighting with Bhīma, the Kaliṅga army was confused and it trembled (mohaś cāpi kaliṅgānām āviveśa …prākampata ca sainyāni) 6. 50. 77-78, 80; they fled, but returned again in groups (punar āvartamāneṣu vidravatsu ca saṁghaśaḥ) 6. 50. 81; Dhṛṣṭadyumna ordered his army to fight with the Kaliṅga warriors (sarvakāliṅgayodheṣu…yudhyadhvam) 6. 50. 82; Dhṛṣṭadyumna went to help Bhīma who was attacked by the Kaliṅgas, (kaliṅgeṣu carantam…kaliṅgaiḥ samabhidrutam) 6. 50. 87, 90; Sātyaki saw both of them fighting with the Kaliṅgas; he himself killed some of the adversaries (kaliṅgān samare vīrau yodhayantau…jaghāna samare parān) 6. 50. 91, 93; Bhīma caused a river of blood rising from the fallen Kaliṅgas to flow between the army of the Kaliṅgas and of the Pāṇḍavas; it appeared as if it was Kāla fighting with the Kaliṅgas (kaliṅgaprabhavāṁ…rudhirasyandinīm tatra bhīmaḥ prāvartayan nadīm/antareṇa kaliṅgānāṁ pāṇḍavānāṁ ca vāhinīṁ… prākrośaṁs tāvakā…/kālo 'yaṁ bhīmarūpeṇa kaliṅgaiḥ saha yudhyate//) 6. 50. 94-96; Bhīma succeeded in killing all the Kaliṅga warriors (sa hatvā sarvakāliṅgān) 6. 50. 108; (kāliṅgāś ca mṛdhe hatāḥ) 6. 50. 112; Sātyaki congratulated Bhīma for pounding single-handed the mahāvyūha of Kaliṅgas (mahāvyūhaḥ kaliṅgānām ekena mṛditas tvayā) 6. 50. 113;
(10) On the eleventh day of the war, Kaliṅga king stood (with his army) on the right side of Droṇa's Śakaṭavyūha (kaliṅgaś ca…dakṣiṇam pārśvam āsthāya 7. 6. 2; asmākaṁ śakaṭavyūhaḥ 7. 6. 15);
(11) On the twelfth day of war, the Kaliṅgas were placed at the ‘neck’ and the ‘back’ of the Suparṇavyūha (7. 19. 4) of Droṇa (kaliṅgāḥ…grīvāyām 7. 19. 7-8; pṛṣṭhe kaliṅgāḥ 7. 19. 11);
(12) On the fourteenth day of the war, Sātyaki while moving forward towards Arjuna, had to fight with the Kaliṅgas; he broke their resistance, went beyond their irresistible army, and reached Arjuna (tataḥ kaliṅgair yuyudhe …tāṁ ca senām atikramya kaliṅgānām duratyayām) 7. 116. 10-11;
(13) During the night war on the fourteenth day, the brave Kaliṅga prince, with the Kaliṅga army, attacked Bhīma; he was killed by Bhīma with his fist (kaliṅgānāṁ ca sainyena kaliṅgasya suto raṇe 7. 130. 18; kaliṅgānām tu taṁ śūraṁ…muṣṭinābhijaghāna ha 7. 130. 20);
(14) Kaliṅgas mentioned among those who ran away from the battle-field after the fall of Droṇa (kaliṅgāraṭṭabāhlikaiḥ) 7. 165. 79;
(15) Karṇa in his earlier exploits had won the Kaliṅgas and made them pay tribute (kaliṅgān…yo jitvā samare vīraś cakre balibhṛtaḥ purā) 8. 5. 20;
(16) On the sixteenth day of the war, Kaliṅgas rushed towards Arjuna to kill him (kaliṅgaº… jighāṁsavaḥ pāṇḍavam abhyadhāvan) 8. 12. 59;
(17) On the same day, many warriors from different countries like Aṅga, Vaṅga etc., skilled in elephant warfare, along with the Kaliṅgas showered Dhṛṣṭadyumna with arrows, tomaras and nārācas (aṅgā…gajayuddheṣu kuśalāḥ kaliṅgaiḥ saha…/śaratomaranārācair…siṣicus te… pāñcālācalam āhave) 8. 17. 2-4; they later showered Nakula with arrows and tomaras to kill him (mekalotkalokāliṅgā…śaratomaravarṣāṇi vimuñcanto jighāṁsavaḥ) 8. 17. 20;
(18) A voice in the mid-region, a week after Arjuna's birth, predicted that he was destined to win the Kaliṅgas (ayaṁ jetā madrakalīṅgakekayān) 8. 48. 7;
(19) Arjuna told Yudhiṣṭhira that only Bhīma, who killed Kaliṅga warriors and their elephants, could find fault with him (Arjuna) (kaliṅgaº…sadāmadān…/ nihanti) 8. 49. 79;
(20) Kaliṅgas mentioned among those who fell on the battlefield during the first seventeen days of the war (kaliṅgasahitā hatāḥ) 8. 4. 37;
(21) Before the gadāyuddha, Kṛṣṇa reminded Bhīma that earlier Kaliṅgas and others were killed by him (kaliṅgāḥ…tvām āsādya mahāyuddhe nihatāḥ) 9. 32. 22;
(22) While recalling Kṛṣṇa's earlier exploits, Vasudeva mentioned Kṛṣṇa's killing the Kaliṅgas (cakre kāiiṅgamāgadhān (videhān)) 16. 7. 10; Kṛṣṇa's victory over Kaliṅgas also mentioned by Dhṛtarāṣṭra (kaliṅgāṁś ca …ajayad raṇe) 7. 10. 15.
E. Some other events:
(1) Once, kings had assembled for the svayaṁvara of the Kaliṅga princess in the Kaliṅga country of Citrāṅgada (this was attended by Duryodhana) (tataḥ kadācid rājānaḥ samājagmuḥ svayaṁvare/kaliṅgaviṣaye…rājñaś citrāṅgadasya ha//) 12. 4. 2;
(2) Vārdhakṣemi fought and carried away the Kaliṅga girl (vārdhakṣemiḥ kaliṅgānāṁ yaḥ kanyām āharad yudhi) 7. 9. 51. [Perhaps this and the following two Kaliṅgas are meant by Trikaliṅga]
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Kaliṅga^2 : m. (pl.): Name of a Janapada.
Location: Listed by Saṁjaya among the northern Janapadas (also called Deśas deśāḥ saṁkīrtitāḥ 6. 10. 68) of the Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhvaṁ janapadān nibodha gadato mama) 6. 10. 37, 5; (śūrasenāḥ kaliṅgāś ca) 6. 10. 38; these seem to be the Kaliṅgas of the mid-region and are to be distinguished from Kaliṅga^1 and Kaliṅga^3. [See Kaliṅga^1, ^3 ]
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Kaliṅga^3 : m. (pl.): Name of a people.
A. Location: They probably lived in the north-west since they are listed by Saṁjaya along with Kāśmīras, Tukhāras and the Kirāta tribes (kāśmīrāḥ…tukhāraś ca …//…kaliṅgāś ca kirātānāṁ ca jātayaḥ//) 6. 10. 67.
B. Characterization:
(1) They were probably reckoned by Saṁjaya as mlecchas (uttarāś cāpare mlecchāḥ) 6. 10. 63;
(2) Bhīṣma counted Kaliṅgas among those who became degraded since they did not respect Brāhmaṇas (kaliṅgāś ca…/… vṛṣalatvaṁ parigatā brāhmaṇānāṁ adarśanāt) 13. 30. 20-21;
(3) A certain Brāhmaṇa told the Kuru assembly that Kaliṅga people were to be avoided as they followed wrong dharma (kaliṅgān…durdharmāṁś ca vivarjayet) 8. 30. 45. [See Kaliṅga^1, ^2 ]
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