गांधार

यन्त्रोपारोपितकोशांशः

Purana Encyclopedia

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

Gāndhāra, Gāndhāraka : m. (pl.): Name of a country and its people or its warriors; warriors occasionally referred to as Gāndhāraka (7. 6. 3, 7. 70. 42, 8. 27. 80); horses of the Gāndhāra country once referred to as Gāndhāraka (9. 27. 43); the country once referred to as Gāndhāradeśa (2. 47. 8) and twice as Gāndhāraviṣaya (14. 84. 18; 14. 86. 3).


A. Location: Listed by Saṁjaya among the northern Janapadas (also called Deśas 6. 10. 68) of the Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhvaṁ janapadān nibodha gadato mama) 6. 10. 37, 5; (gāndhārā darśakās tathā) 6. 10. 52; (uttarāpathajanmānaḥ kīrtayiṣyāmi tān api/yaunakāmbojagāndhārāḥ) 12. 200. 40; the Aśvamedha horse went to the Gāndhāraviṣaya from Pañcanada (tataḥ pañcanadaṁ yayau//tasmād api sa kauravya gāndhāraviṣayaṁ hayaḥ/ vicacāra) 14. 84. 17-18.


B. Famous for horses: Gāndhāra horses were offered as tribute for the Rājasūya (hayān gāndharadeśajān) 2. 47. 8.


C. Characteristics of the people and their warriors:

(1) People: Living on mountains (pārvatīyaiḥ…gāndhāraiḥ) 6. 20. 8; according to Karṇa, there was no purity among Gāndhārakas (nāsti…śaucaṁ gāndhārakeṣu ca) 8. 27. 80; a Brāhmaṇa once told the Kuru assembly that among the Gāndhāras a family had only one Brāhmaṇa, the rest were imprudent who behaved as they liked (bhavaty ekaḥ kule vipraḥ śiṣṭānye kāmacāriṇaḥ/gāndhārā …ke 'py acetasaḥ//) 8. 30. 55; according to Bhīṣma, Gāndhāras did not believe in Bhūtapati as the adhyakṣa of the world; they were sinful; they wandered over the earth and lived like dogs, crows, balas (?) and vultures; they did not exist in the kṛtayuga, but were met with since the tretāyuga; (niradhyakṣāṁs tu…ºgāndhārāḥ//ete pāpakṛtas tāta caranti pṛthivīm imām/śvakākabalagṛdhrāṇāṁ sadharmāṇo narādhipa//nlite kṛtayuge tāta caranti pṛthivīm imām/tretāprabhṛti vartante te janā bharatarṣabha//) 12. 200. 38, 40-42;

(2) Warriors: Great chariot-fighters (mahāratha), horseriders (sādin), controlled (yatta), using armours (varmin) and fighting with lances which were shaped like a claw and were polished (prāsapāṇi) 7. 63. 16, (nakharaprāsayodhin) 12. 102. 3, (vimalaprāsayodhin) 7. 6. 3; they also used bows and arrows, śaktis and swords (cāpaśaktiśarāsi) 7. 70. 42; arrogant while fighting (yuddhadurmada) 6. 86. 26; very strong (atibala) 8. 5. 18; very difficult to be conquered (sudurjaya) 8. 57. 31; (durjaya) 8. 5. 18.


D. Epic events:

(1) Kṛṣṇa once quickly overpowered Gāndhāras and released the captive king Sudarśanīya 5. 47. 69 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 5. 48. 75: sudarśanaṁ nāma rājānam);

(2) Bhīṣma reminded Karṇa that he had formerly defeated Gāndhāras and made them subservient to Duryodhana (gāndhārāś ca jitās tvayā…duryodhanasya vaśagāḥ kṛtāḥ karṇa tvayā purā) 7. 4. 5-6; Karṇa had defeated Gāndhāras, very strong and difficult to win, and made them pay tribute (yo jitvā samare vīraś cakre balibhṛtaḥ purā) 8. 5. 18, 20; 8. 57. 31 (a reference to Karṇa's conquest of earth before the Vaiṣṇava sacrifice of Duryodhana ? See 3. 241. 32 and Appendix I, No. 24, pp. 1078-1080);

(3) In the Sabhā of Kauravas, Śakuni and his son were protected by Gāndhāras 5. 92. 49;

(4) On the first day of war, in the Kaurava vyūha, Śakuni with his Gāndhāra warriors, living on mountains, offered protection to Duryodhana (pārvatīyaiḥ sārdhaṁ gāndhāraiḥ pāti) 6. 20. 8; the same day, five Kekaya brothers fought with five Gāndhāra warriors with their respective armies (sasainyās te sasainyāṁś ca) 6. 43. 73;

(5) On the second day, Gāndhāras and others protected Droṇa in the Mahāvyūha (6. 47. 10) of Kauravas 6. 47. 14;

(6) On the third day, the large army of Gāndhāras, led by Śakuni, engaged Sātyaki and Abhimanyu in a battle 6. 54. 6;

(7) On the fifth day, the king of Kaliṅgas (Śrutāyus) was surrounded by Gāndhāras and others 6. 67. 13;

(8) On the eighth day, war-arrogant Gāndhāras desirous of heaven or victory, broke the front line of the army of Irāvant and entered it (tadanīkaṁ bhittvā…balena mahatā yuktāḥ svargāya vijayaiṣiṇaḥ/ viviśus te tadā hṛṣṭā gāndhārā yuddhadurmadāḥ//) 6. 86. 26;

(9) On the eleventh day, Śakuni with his excellent Gāndhāraka warriors riding on horsebacks, occupied the extreme end (prapakṣa) of the right side (dakṣina pārśva 7. 6. 2) of the Śakaṭavyūha (7. 6. 15) of Kauravas 7. 6. 3;

(10) On the twelfth day, Gāndhāras, led by Śakuni, stood at the rear (pṛṣṭha) of the Suparṇavyūha (7. 19. 4) of Kauravas 7. 19. 11; Arjuna bewildered (vyākulāṁś cakre) with his arrows Gāndhāra warriors led by Śakuni's sons Vṛṣaka and Acala and killed five hundred of them 7. 29. 5-6;

(11) On the thirteenth day, Abhimanyu killed seventyseven Gāndhāra warriors who followed Kālakeya (Subala's son) 7. 48. 7;

(12) On the fourteenth day, Jayadratha, along with Gāndhāras riding on horsebacks and holding lances in hand, left to occupy the place (fixed for him) in the Vyūha 7. 63. 16; Śakuni, with his army of seven hundred Gāndhāra warriors fighting with arrows, śaktis and swords (cāpaśaktiśarāsibhiḥ), checked the advance of the son of Mādrī (mādrīputram avārayat) 7. 70. 42;

(13) On the eighteenth day, Pāñcāla and Pāṇḍava warriors (9. 18. 13) felt that seeing Gāndhāras (and others) killed all around (gāndhāreṣu ca sarvaśaḥ), Duryodhana would realize the prowess of Pāṇḍavas and other heroes on their side 9. 18. 22-25; Sahadeva attacked Śakuni who was covered from behind by Gāndhāraka warriors riding horses (gāndhārakair guptam prṣṭhair aśvaiḥ… saubalam) 9. 27. 43; Kṛṣṇa reminded Bhīma that Gāndhāras who had attacked him were killed by him (gāndhārāḥ…/ tvām āsādya mahāyuddhe nihatāḥ pāṇḍunandana) 9. 32. 22;

(14) Gāndhrī pointed out to Kṛṣṇa that Gāndhāra women (gāndhāraº ºstriyaḥ) and other women kept watch on the body of fallen Jayadratha 11. 22. 11;

(15) The horse of the horse-sacrifice went to the Gāndhāra country (gāndhāraviṣaya) when Arjuna had to fight a fierce battle with the then king of Gāndhāra (gāndhārarājena), the son of Śakuni, the great chariotwarrior of the Gāndhāras (gāndhārāṇāṁ mahārathaḥ); Gāndhāra warriors (yodhāḥ), not forgiving Śakuni's death in the war, opposed Arjuna; Arjuna tried to dissuade them from fighting, but when they did not listen to him he fought with them; the Gāndhāra warriors struck Arjuna, but he felled down their heads; when Gāndhāras were being killed all around, Śakuni's son opposed Arjuna; all Gāndhāra warriors were wonderstruck when Arjuna removed the headgear of Śakuni's son; they knew that Arjuna did not wish to kill Śakuni's son 14. 84. 18-19; 14. 85. 1-3, 7-8, 12; war with Gāndhāra warriors described in 14. 85. 14-17; Yudhiṣṭhira was delighted to hear Arjuna's victory in the Gāndhāra country (gāndhāraviṣaye) 14. 86. 3;

(16) Kṛṣṇa had once defeated Gāndhāras 16. 7. 10 (same event as no. 1 ?).


E. Past event: Māndhātṛ asked Indra what was the dharma of Gāndhāras and others who lived like Dasyus and how they could be controlled by kings like him (kathaṁ dharmaṁ careyus te…madvidhaiś ca kathaṁ sthāpyāḥ sarve te dasyujīvinaḥ) 12. 65. 13, 15; Indra thereupon told him what the duties of Dasyus were 12. 65. 17-21.


F. Certain persons designated as king, prince, or chief of Gāndhāras:

(1) gāndhārapati: Śakuni 8. 62. 50, (2) gāndhāramukhya: Acala and Vṛṣala (both sons of Subala) 5. 165. 1-2;

(3) gāndhārarāj: Śakuni 7. 36. 24;

(4) gāndhārarāja: Śakuni 1. 1. 100; 3. 227. 21; 3. 297. 5; 5. 2. 5; 5. 29. 39; 5. 30. 27; 5. 92. 49; 5. 196. 7; 6. 20. 8; 7. 29. 2; 7. 33. 20; 7. 165. 75; 8. 4. 96; 8. 53. 6; 9. 22. 28, 29; 11. 24. 21; Śakuni's father (not named) 1. 103. 14; 5. 2. 9; 7. 10. 10; 9. 17. 18; 9. 22. 24; Śakuni's son (not named 14. 84. 19; 14. 85. 18; Subala 1. 103. 10; 7. 10. 10; 7. 29. 2;

(5) gāndhārarājaputra: Śakuni 1. 57. 94; Śakuni's son (not named) 14. 85. 13;

(6) gāndhārarājasya putraḥ: Śakuni 1. 103. 14; 9. 17. 18; 9. 22. 24;

(7) gāndhārarājasya jananī (not named) 14. 85. 18;

(8) gāndhārarājasya sutaḥ: Śakuni 5. 2. 9; gāndhārarājasya sutau: Vṛṣaka and Acala 7. 29. 2;

(9) gāndhārarājasya sutā: Gāndhārī (one of Kṛṣṇa's wives) 7. 10. 10;

(10) gāndhārāṇāṁ mahārathaḥ: Śakuni's son (not named) 14. 85. 1;

(11) gāndhārāṇāṁ yaśohara (voc.): Śakuni 2. 68. 39;

(12) gāndhārādhipati: A certain king (not named), born in the lineage of Soma (somakulotpanna) 3. 126. 40.


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Mahabharata Cultural Index

पृष्ठभागोऽयं यन्त्रेण केनचित् काले काले मार्जयित्वा यथास्रोतः परिवर्तयिष्यते। तेन मा भूदत्र शोधनसम्भ्रमः। सज्जनैः मूलमेव शोध्यताम्।

Gāndhāra, Gāndhāraka : m. (pl.): Name of a country and its people or its warriors; warriors occasionally referred to as Gāndhāraka (7. 6. 3, 7. 70. 42, 8. 27. 80); horses of the Gāndhāra country once referred to as Gāndhāraka (9. 27. 43); the country once referred to as Gāndhāradeśa (2. 47. 8) and twice as Gāndhāraviṣaya (14. 84. 18; 14. 86. 3).


A. Location: Listed by Saṁjaya among the northern Janapadas (also called Deśas 6. 10. 68) of the Bhāratavarṣa (ata ūrdhvaṁ janapadān nibodha gadato mama) 6. 10. 37, 5; (gāndhārā darśakās tathā) 6. 10. 52; (uttarāpathajanmānaḥ kīrtayiṣyāmi tān api/yaunakāmbojagāndhārāḥ) 12. 200. 40; the Aśvamedha horse went to the Gāndhāraviṣaya from Pañcanada (tataḥ pañcanadaṁ yayau//tasmād api sa kauravya gāndhāraviṣayaṁ hayaḥ/ vicacāra) 14. 84. 17-18.


B. Famous for horses: Gāndhāra horses were offered as tribute for the Rājasūya (hayān gāndharadeśajān) 2. 47. 8.


C. Characteristics of the people and their warriors:

(1) People: Living on mountains (pārvatīyaiḥ…gāndhāraiḥ) 6. 20. 8; according to Karṇa, there was no purity among Gāndhārakas (nāsti…śaucaṁ gāndhārakeṣu ca) 8. 27. 80; a Brāhmaṇa once told the Kuru assembly that among the Gāndhāras a family had only one Brāhmaṇa, the rest were imprudent who behaved as they liked (bhavaty ekaḥ kule vipraḥ śiṣṭānye kāmacāriṇaḥ/gāndhārā …ke 'py acetasaḥ//) 8. 30. 55; according to Bhīṣma, Gāndhāras did not believe in Bhūtapati as the adhyakṣa of the world; they were sinful; they wandered over the earth and lived like dogs, crows, balas (?) and vultures; they did not exist in the kṛtayuga, but were met with since the tretāyuga; (niradhyakṣāṁs tu…ºgāndhārāḥ//ete pāpakṛtas tāta caranti pṛthivīm imām/śvakākabalagṛdhrāṇāṁ sadharmāṇo narādhipa//nlite kṛtayuge tāta caranti pṛthivīm imām/tretāprabhṛti vartante te janā bharatarṣabha//) 12. 200. 38, 40-42;

(2) Warriors: Great chariot-fighters (mahāratha), horseriders (sādin), controlled (yatta), using armours (varmin) and fighting with lances which were shaped like a claw and were polished (prāsapāṇi) 7. 63. 16, (nakharaprāsayodhin) 12. 102. 3, (vimalaprāsayodhin) 7. 6. 3; they also used bows and arrows, śaktis and swords (cāpaśaktiśarāsi) 7. 70. 42; arrogant while fighting (yuddhadurmada) 6. 86. 26; very strong (atibala) 8. 5. 18; very difficult to be conquered (sudurjaya) 8. 57. 31; (durjaya) 8. 5. 18.


D. Epic events:

(1) Kṛṣṇa once quickly overpowered Gāndhāras and released the captive king Sudarśanīya 5. 47. 69 (Nī. on Bom. Ed. 5. 48. 75: sudarśanaṁ nāma rājānam);

(2) Bhīṣma reminded Karṇa that he had formerly defeated Gāndhāras and made them subservient to Duryodhana (gāndhārāś ca jitās tvayā…duryodhanasya vaśagāḥ kṛtāḥ karṇa tvayā purā) 7. 4. 5-6; Karṇa had defeated Gāndhāras, very strong and difficult to win, and made them pay tribute (yo jitvā samare vīraś cakre balibhṛtaḥ purā) 8. 5. 18, 20; 8. 57. 31 (a reference to Karṇa's conquest of earth before the Vaiṣṇava sacrifice of Duryodhana ? See 3. 241. 32 and Appendix I, No. 24, pp. 1078-1080);

(3) In the Sabhā of Kauravas, Śakuni and his son were protected by Gāndhāras 5. 92. 49;

(4) On the first day of war, in the Kaurava vyūha, Śakuni with his Gāndhāra warriors, living on mountains, offered protection to Duryodhana (pārvatīyaiḥ sārdhaṁ gāndhāraiḥ pāti) 6. 20. 8; the same day, five Kekaya brothers fought with five Gāndhāra warriors with their respective armies (sasainyās te sasainyāṁś ca) 6. 43. 73;

(5) On the second day, Gāndhāras and others protected Droṇa in the Mahāvyūha (6. 47. 10) of Kauravas 6. 47. 14;

(6) On the third day, the large army of Gāndhāras, led by Śakuni, engaged Sātyaki and Abhimanyu in a battle 6. 54. 6;

(7) On the fifth day, the king of Kaliṅgas (Śrutāyus) was surrounded by Gāndhāras and others 6. 67. 13;

(8) On the eighth day, war-arrogant Gāndhāras desirous of heaven or victory, broke the front line of the army of Irāvant and entered it (tadanīkaṁ bhittvā…balena mahatā yuktāḥ svargāya vijayaiṣiṇaḥ/ viviśus te tadā hṛṣṭā gāndhārā yuddhadurmadāḥ//) 6. 86. 26;

(9) On the eleventh day, Śakuni with his excellent Gāndhāraka warriors riding on horsebacks, occupied the extreme end (prapakṣa) of the right side (dakṣina pārśva 7. 6. 2) of the Śakaṭavyūha (7. 6. 15) of Kauravas 7. 6. 3;

(10) On the twelfth day, Gāndhāras, led by Śakuni, stood at the rear (pṛṣṭha) of the Suparṇavyūha (7. 19. 4) of Kauravas 7. 19. 11; Arjuna bewildered (vyākulāṁś cakre) with his arrows Gāndhāra warriors led by Śakuni's sons Vṛṣaka and Acala and killed five hundred of them 7. 29. 5-6;

(11) On the thirteenth day, Abhimanyu killed seventyseven Gāndhāra warriors who followed Kālakeya (Subala's son) 7. 48. 7;

(12) On the fourteenth day, Jayadratha, along with Gāndhāras riding on horsebacks and holding lances in hand, left to occupy the place (fixed for him) in the Vyūha 7. 63. 16; Śakuni, with his army of seven hundred Gāndhāra warriors fighting with arrows, śaktis and swords (cāpaśaktiśarāsibhiḥ), checked the advance of the son of Mādrī (mādrīputram avārayat) 7. 70. 42;

(13) On the eighteenth day, Pāñcāla and Pāṇḍava warriors (9. 18. 13) felt that seeing Gāndhāras (and others) killed all around (gāndhāreṣu ca sarvaśaḥ), Duryodhana would realize the prowess of Pāṇḍavas and other heroes on their side 9. 18. 22-25; Sahadeva attacked Śakuni who was covered from behind by Gāndhāraka warriors riding horses (gāndhārakair guptam prṣṭhair aśvaiḥ… saubalam) 9. 27. 43; Kṛṣṇa reminded Bhīma that Gāndhāras who had attacked him were killed by him (gāndhārāḥ…/ tvām āsādya mahāyuddhe nihatāḥ pāṇḍunandana) 9. 32. 22;

(14) Gāndhrī pointed out to Kṛṣṇa that Gāndhāra women (gāndhāraº ºstriyaḥ) and other women kept watch on the body of fallen Jayadratha 11. 22. 11;

(15) The horse of the horse-sacrifice went to the Gāndhāra country (gāndhāraviṣaya) when Arjuna had to fight a fierce battle with the then king of Gāndhāra (gāndhārarājena), the son of Śakuni, the great chariotwarrior of the Gāndhāras (gāndhārāṇāṁ mahārathaḥ); Gāndhāra warriors (yodhāḥ), not forgiving Śakuni's death in the war, opposed Arjuna; Arjuna tried to dissuade them from fighting, but when they did not listen to him he fought with them; the Gāndhāra warriors struck Arjuna, but he felled down their heads; when Gāndhāras were being killed all around, Śakuni's son opposed Arjuna; all Gāndhāra warriors were wonderstruck when Arjuna removed the headgear of Śakuni's son; they knew that Arjuna did not wish to kill Śakuni's son 14. 84. 18-19; 14. 85. 1-3, 7-8, 12; war with Gāndhāra warriors described in 14. 85. 14-17; Yudhiṣṭhira was delighted to hear Arjuna's victory in the Gāndhāra country (gāndhāraviṣaye) 14. 86. 3;

(16) Kṛṣṇa had once defeated Gāndhāras 16. 7. 10 (same event as no. 1 ?).


E. Past event: Māndhātṛ asked Indra what was the dharma of Gāndhāras and others who lived like Dasyus and how they could be controlled by kings like him (kathaṁ dharmaṁ careyus te…madvidhaiś ca kathaṁ sthāpyāḥ sarve te dasyujīvinaḥ) 12. 65. 13, 15; Indra thereupon told him what the duties of Dasyus were 12. 65. 17-21.


F. Certain persons designated as king, prince, or chief of Gāndhāras:

(1) gāndhārapati: Śakuni 8. 62. 50, (2) gāndhāramukhya: Acala and Vṛṣala (both sons of Subala) 5. 165. 1-2;

(3) gāndhārarāj: Śakuni 7. 36. 24;

(4) gāndhārarāja: Śakuni 1. 1. 100; 3. 227. 21; 3. 297. 5; 5. 2. 5; 5. 29. 39; 5. 30. 27; 5. 92. 49; 5. 196. 7; 6. 20. 8; 7. 29. 2; 7. 33. 20; 7. 165. 75; 8. 4. 96; 8. 53. 6; 9. 22. 28, 29; 11. 24. 21; Śakuni's father (not named) 1. 103. 14; 5. 2. 9; 7. 10. 10; 9. 17. 18; 9. 22. 24; Śakuni's son (not named 14. 84. 19; 14. 85. 18; Subala 1. 103. 10; 7. 10. 10; 7. 29. 2;

(5) gāndhārarājaputra: Śakuni 1. 57. 94; Śakuni's son (not named) 14. 85. 13;

(6) gāndhārarājasya putraḥ: Śakuni 1. 103. 14; 9. 17. 18; 9. 22. 24;

(7) gāndhārarājasya jananī (not named) 14. 85. 18;

(8) gāndhārarājasya sutaḥ: Śakuni 5. 2. 9; gāndhārarājasya sutau: Vṛṣaka and Acala 7. 29. 2;

(9) gāndhārarājasya sutā: Gāndhārī (one of Kṛṣṇa's wives) 7. 10. 10;

(10) gāndhārāṇāṁ mahārathaḥ: Śakuni's son (not named) 14. 85. 1;

(11) gāndhārāṇāṁ yaśohara (voc.): Śakuni 2. 68. 39;

(12) gāndhārādhipati: A certain king (not named), born in the lineage of Soma (somakulotpanna) 3. 126. 40.


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